Friday, March 09, 2007

Hegel y Haití

El título puede sorprender. ¿Qué relación existe entre el mayor filósofo europeo del siglo XIX y una naciente república caribeña? El subtítulo de Hegel y Haití (“la dialéctica amo-esclavo: una interpretación revolucionaria”) resulta entonces un violento codazo en las costillas para el lector inmune a las sorpresas. Porque la “interpretación revolucionaria” que anuncia no es otra que la que emprende la propia profesora Susan Buck-Morss, norteamericana, bibliografía obligatoria en las universidades argentinas, autora de libros sobre la Escuela de Frankfurt y el inevitable Walter Benjamin. “Una se pregunta –se pregunta Susan Buck-Morss– por qué el tópico Hegel y Haití ha sido ignorado durante tanto tiempo. No sólo los especialistas en Hegel han fracasado en responder a esta pregunta, sino que han fracasado, en los últimos doscientos años, incluso en plantearlo”. Acto seguido concede que “tal vez Fanon haya sido el que estuvo más cerca de ver la conexión entre Hegel y Haití”. Buck-Morss, evidentemente, cree en lo que promete la contratapa: “Después de este libro, ni la Fenomenología del espíritu ni la Revolución Francesa podrán seguir siendo interpretadas tal como hasta ahora”.¿Pero cuál es finalmente la conexión entre Hegel y Haití? El argumento de la autora es duro y directo: la revolución haitiana de 1804 es el cemento de la teoría hegeliana del amo y del esclavo. Hegel sabía de los hechos porque leía el periódico de Johann Wilhelm von Archenhols llamado Minerva. ¿Oyeron hablar acerca de que el búho de Minerva despliega sus alas sólo al amanecer? “Bien pudo ser escrita con el periódico Minerva en mente”, deduce Buck-Morss. Sin embargo, lo verdaderamente revolucionario a que alude la interpretación es consignar la “flagrante contradicción” entre el pensamiento europeo y la economía. Hegel, según Buck-Morss, se ve excedido por los acontecimientos de Haití y la dialéctica amo-esclavo es una de las respuestas que emprende el filósofo, una respuesta desde luego racista ya que él comparte los postulados racistas de su época. Porque la esclavitud fue apenas una metáfora para la filosofía política y no una realidad que debía ser condenada, Buck-Morss acusa de racismo a Hobbes, a Locke, a los philosophes, a todos los revolucionarios norteamericanos, a Hegel y a los “marxistas (blancos)” del siglo XX. Más allá de esto, existe un valor incuestionable en el libro. Es el de imponer la consideración de dos versiones de la historia en tanto disciplina. Para unos, la historia es un tribunal en el que cada acto es juzgado de acuerdo con valores absolutos. Es una versión que también sostiene la Iglesia: tiene la virtud (y el peso) de afirmar valores absolutos. Según esta versión, cada acto es único y será juzgado por su dios, pues apela a la confrontación razonada y razonable: seguramente, como indican las muchas injusticias históricas, existieron siempre posibilidades para pensar y actuar de otro modo. En su radicalidad, es la versión que lleva a prohibir las obras de Eurípides por misóginas, a parangonar a Cristóbal Colón con Hitler, a acusar de racista a la Revolución Francesa y a Hegel. La otra versión asegura que no es bueno juzgar con criterios de hoy los hechos de ayer. Que la historia no debe ser un tribunal disciplinario porque se corre el riego de descontextualizar eventos y protagonistas. Y de caer, desde el principio, en un moralismo privado de toda verdad. Sólo en las últimas décadas el tema de los derechos humanos adquirió en Occidente una centralidad absoluta. La historia humana entera, revisada desde nuestra actualidad proderechos humanos, no sería más que una serie ininterrumpida de crímenessin sentido. Lo que deriva en la exaltación del fin de la historia como fuente específica de saber.

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